15

Nonlinear Infrared Coherent Radiation as an

Energy Coupling Mechanism in Living Systems

Philip S. Callahan

2016 N. W. 27th Street

Gainesville. Florida 32605

The Olive W. Garvey Center

for the Improvement of Human Functioning Inc.

3100 North Hillside Avenue

Wichita. Kansas 67219

Introduction

A history of my observations of moths and ants at light is given and the external infrared environment of day and night described. It is pointed out that insects have dielectric, open resonator, antennae, in the from of sensilla, on their antennae. A table of the ELF vibration frequency of various insect orders is presented and related to the many parameters of infrared scatter emission from scent and pheromone molecules. Experiments on moth oviposition, attraction to candles, and response to colors of light are described, as is the behavior of ants at candles. The complex far infrared maserlike emission of candles is correlated with emission from insect sex scents and pheromones, and a method of generating maserlike scatter emission from scent molecules described. Several such spectrum from ethanol are presented. Spectrum of nonlinear emission, far infrared frequencies from breath are generated by vibrating a metal plate with a 130 audio component of the OM phoneme. The discussion relates the insect communication system to other life organizing coherent systems. This work on Cabannes and Rayeligh scattering of coherent radiation reinforces other work on photon storage in biological systems.

My earliest memories of trying to understand insects go back to my questioning why insects were considered to be attracted to light when invariably they end up flying to the darkest part of the porch

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R. K Mishra (ed.), Molecular and Biological Physics of Living Systems, 239-273. © 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

 

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light, directly against the ceiling, and forcing themselves through the little globe ventilation crack where, once inside, they die. I felt that these marvelous little creatures must be going to the flow of organic gases pushed through the crack by the hot air inside, and not to the visible light per say.

Years later When I was alone in Ireland at a secret Army Air Force radio range station. I spent the lonely night hours watching moths fly to lights and glowing electronic tubes in the transmitter hut.

On at least two occasions a loud thump-thump on the barred windows of the transmitter room sent me to the floor with a speed and agility that I did not know I possessed. Invariably it turned out to be a huge saturnid or sphinx moth beating against the glass pane. In that rural area of Ireland there was no electricity, and the window of the transmitter hut, which sat on the high plateau of the castle grounds, was visible for miles across the wild foreboding moorlands.

My moth visitors proved more entertaining than deadly, and I passed many a night hour watching them. As Thomas Carlysle said, a moth is "allured by taper gleaming bright." I was particularly intrigued by the fact that they were enamored by the large 1500-v 805 amplifying tubes in the final circuit of the 4K transmitters, I soon discovered that it was the leaky or gasious tubes that most intrigued my visitors. They went into positive ecstasy allowed in the vicinity of the huge dual mercury-vapor rectifier tubes in the power supply system.

It was obvious to me even in those days that there was something about the pink and blue glow of those tubes that intrigued the moths. I noted that their antennae were continuously vibrating and that the huge featherlike structures resembled the 3- and 6-element folded dipole antennas that in radio jargon we tagged the plumbers' delight (Fig. 1). I had always collected butterflies, but until my Irish days I had not really paid much attention to the night-flying moths.

I bought a classic volume in a Londonderry bookstore. It was written by F. Edward Hulme, the "Holland" of England, and entitled "Butterflies and Moths of the Countryside." I read about one of my

 

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Fig. 1. Types of sensilla (antenna spines) on various insects compared to metal radio antenna. A) Log periodic on nocturnal moths; B) Helical, on mites: C) horn, on nocturnal moths: D) Cavity, on wasps and ants; E) loop. on the fly family (Cecidomyiidae)

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visitors, the privet hawk, Sphinx ligustri. Hulme said, "It is allured to its fate by light, coming very readily within the danger-zone under its fascination." Another visitor was Saturnia pavonia the emperor moth of the open moorlands. I measured the arms of the male antennae and found them to range from less than a millimeter to over 2 millimeters in length. I had never heard of millimeter-long waves and believed in 1944 that there was no way to generate such extremely short waves. I decided, however, that the moth antenna must indeed be a millimeter-long antenna. Little did know at that that the feathers of the antennae were only supports, and that the real sensors were microscopic in size and lined up on these staggered arms.

It was not until 8 years later, in 1952, that as an undergraduate assistant in the insectary at the University of Arkansas I began to study in detail the sphinx, saturnid, and noctuid antennae under a binocular scope. I realized than that if the insect antennae were in fact an antenna (Fig. 1), then the wavelength must be micrometers long and not millimeters long. It took another 15 years of microscope work before I was able to describe and plot the sensilla of a noctuid moth⁽¹⁾. 

Over these many years as I began to cross correlate what I knew about biology, natural history, and the behavior of the insect with what I learned about antenna and electronics in World War II, I slowly came to realize that it is the science of physics that in reality connects the other sciences together, and that is I were to really ever understand life I must constantly apply the findings in physics to both biology and chemistry (Fig. 2).

This paper then is a summary of thirty years of efforts seeking the answer to the question, Why does a moth fly to light, in particular a candle flame, and destroy itself (Fig. 3)? Good science lies in asking the correct question.

That search has led me to a concept of nonlinear infrared radiation, which, at room temperatures, couples energy from molecules to cells or organisms in living systems. In other words, to the concept that Dr. Fritz-Albert Popp calls the "storage of coherent photons which come from the external world." These photons are part and parcel of the self-organization of living system⁽²⁾.

 

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Fig. 2. Physics (arrow center) unites all the modes of life, light, heat etc., and ties them all together in one holistic system. 

THE EXTERNAL INFRARED ENVIRONMENT

Like Dr. Popp I believed that somehow the incoherent energy of nature, mainly in the visible and infrared region, must be utilized in some coherent manner to transfer massages to and within living systems⁽³⁾. It is the form of the antennae sensilla of insects that underscores this belief for me.

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Fig. 3. Why does a moth fly to a candle and destroy itself? 

If sensilla shapes do not indicate resonance then exactly what is their function? One cannot isolate them from the system, ignore form and explain all of olfaction by analyzing nerve impulses at the base of the sensilla as is presently done. Nor do nerve impulses recorded from sensilla bombarded with scent explain how the energy from the scent couples to the sensilla, yet to this very day the function of the kinds of shapes of the sensilla are totally ignored by insect physiologists.

The scent (molecular oscillations) and the sensilla (dielectric an-

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tennae) are, so to speak, embedded in a visible, blackbody IR environment. It is mainly an infrared environment that ranges all the way from the short visible and near infrared of the sun and hot light bulb blackbodies to the cooler far IR moon, man and plant blackbodies (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. The earth-cosmos blackbody radiation environment out to 25 mm. The atmospheric blackbody sky glow, night or day, peaks in the 10 mm region. The sun blackbody fills the insect's day environment, but in modern society the light bulb blackbody has been added at night to the natural sky globe. 

Obviously then the insect scent molecule, rather from the insect

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sex pheromone or from the host plant scents, is constantly absorbing the blackbody radiation from environmental sources such as the sun, night sky, stars and moon, airglows, etc. etc. What energy is absorbed by what molecule at what time can only be determined by critical experimentation, utilizing complex detection systems. 

Nonetheless some very simple experiments can tell us in no uncertain terms that insects do operate in the infrared environment contrary to the, almost impossible to overcome, belief that insects do not utilize that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum⁽⁴⁾.

I am not here referring to the behavior of a few species such as the isolated case of attraction of the Buprestid beetles to the infrared (heat) of forest fires⁽⁵⁾, but rather, in the face of all present entomological paradigms to the contrary, I maintain that insects are in fact primarily infrared controlled organisms and that the control parameters lie in the unique dielectric antenna system of insects. Just as in modern military systems antenna can be designed utilizing dielectric systems ( e = 2.5 to 3) so also do insects have dielectric resonators called sensilla on their antenna.

INSECT DIELECTRIC ANTENNA

Dielectric antenna were first described in World War II and utilized German radar. There is still only one monograph written in 1953, covering the subject⁽⁶⁾, although as early as 1948 there were technical reports, usually classified, of research in the complex field of open resonators⁽⁷⁾. Appropriately enough one such project was written up as the Bumblebee report.

At present dielectric plexiglass resonators are used on many systems, ea. police radar (cm region). Since the characteristic shape, and dielectric ( e) match of insect sensilla in the mm region, is the same as manmade configurations at high frequencies, in the cm region, there is no reason, in the light of good physics, to attribute some other mode of operation to them.

ELF ANTENNA VIBRATIONS

The effect of extremely low frequencies (ELF) on biological systems is well documented in an elegant paper by William bise⁽⁸⁾.

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I have been interested in the ELF vibrations of insects for over 30 years. Table 1 is a generalized listing of the vibratory frequencies of several groups of insects. It will be noted that the frequencies all lie in the ELF region. At first thought one might believe that insect vibrations are merely physical and thus involve only sound and have no relationship to electromagnetic radiation. Indeed if one reviews the literature of entomology that is the consensus of biologists.

Fig. 5. Left. manmade dielectric resonator (antenna) constructed of plexiglass ( e = 2.5): Right, series of insect sensilla open resonators ( e also = 2.5). Sensilla and plexiglass open resonators are tapered to give them a better impedance (Z) match to the incoming signal with feed lines or nerve.

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Insect GroupFrequency Range in Cps

Saturnid moths (SATURNIIDAE)8-16

Butterflies (RHOPALOCERA)8-21

Ants (FORMICOIDEA)12-20

Dragonflies (ANISOPTERA)20-28

Sphingid moths (SPHINGIDAE)26-45

Noctuid moths (NOCIUIDAE)                  35-55

Crane flies (TIPULIDAE)44-73

Lady beetles (COCCINELLIDAE)80-85

Horse flies (TABANIDAE)96-100

Yellow jackets (VESPIDAE)110-115

March flies (BIBIONIDAE)126-140

Bumble bees (APINAE)130-140

Fruit flies (TEPHRITIDAE)      150-250

Honey bees (APINAE)185-190

*Obtained from the literature of wingbeat frequency and stroboscopic measurements. 

Consider, however, that the exoskeleton of the insect antennae is highly reflective of visible radiation--like a front surfaced mirror. This can be easily observed by shining a light on the smooth surface of an insect antenna under a microscope and observing the reflected light. In other words a vibrating insect is similar to a smooth mirror vibrated at ELF frequencies. Any mirror vibrated at extremely low amplitude and frequency flickers light. A flickering light is a flickering electromagnetic field and thus both the electric (E) and magnetic (H) vectors are oscillating at ELF frequencies.

If one blows or floats organic molecules through such an oscillating ELF electromagnetic field and "looks" in the infrared region at the spectrum one will note numerous "stimulated" narrow band (I call them maserlike) emissions. Of course one must "look" at the molecules with an extremely high resolution system since they are narrow hand (coherent or partially coherent). This is only possible with a high resolution Fourier Transform Interferometer.

It is not my purpose here to argue whether it is the electric (E) modulated field or magnetic (H) modulated field that "shakes" the organic molecules and stimulates collision emission. John Muir has stated "that everything is connected to everything else." This being

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so, it is no doubt a joint effort on the part of Mr. H. and Mr. E.

Over the past 10 years I have looked at numerous organic molecules with my modified Fourier Transform System. I have obtained well over 10,000 spectra on various "control" chemicals such as plant hormones, pheromones and plant scents. From these experiments I have reached the following conclusions as to how these organic, infrared, maserlike wavelengths program and control biological processes (Table 2).

1.Operates only within room temperature range (30 to 120°F).

2.Wavelengths shift with temperature (temperature tuning).

a) Higher temperature = longer wavelengths.

b) Lower temperature = shorter wavelengths.

3.Wavelengths shift with concentration (concentration tuning).

a) Higher concentration-longer wavelengths.

b) Lower concentration-shorter wavelengths.

4.Wavelengths shift with (ELF) modulation (1 to 500 Hz).

a) Higher flicker frequency-harmonics further apart.

b) Lower flicker frequency-harmonics closer together.

5.Efficiency increase with flowrate from 0.1 to 0.8 MPH.

6.Amplitude varies with wavelength of pumping radiation.

7.Amplitude varies with intensity of pumping modulation.

8.Increased efficiency from electret effect.

9.Increased efficiency from "monolayer effect". 

10.Line broadening with concentration increase.

11.Line shift with number of (CH₂)_n in chain.

12.Emissions occur in large windows (2, 5, 7 to 14 mm) and in micro-windows between the water rotation absorption bands.

13.Emissions that shift into water rotation absorption bands are quenched.

14.Doping by adding extra (CH₂)_n or (CH₃)_n shift or quenches frequencies.

15.Doping with minute amounts of ammonia (NH₃) increases efficiency, acts as a catalytic agent.

16.Stoke and antistoke sidebands and amplitude of harmonics vary with temperature, concentration and flowrate.

ELF effects on biological rhythms have been outlined in a paper by Breithaupt(9). ELF frequencies in living systems range from 10³ Hz Nerve action potentials, to 10^-2 physiological functions (Fig. 6).

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In considering photon (mirror) modulation of insect scents one must not overlook phonon (sound) modulation of insect scents. I have also obtained IR nonlinear emissions utilizing sound also⁽¹⁰⁾.

Fig. 6. Biological ELF frequencies after Breithaupt (1979). The insect antennae vibrations fit in the ciliated and microvibration region and millisecond vibrations (of this chart).

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Fig. 7. Early 1955 experiment on the effect of light on moth oviposition was conducted in this light projection cage (see text). This was the first indication that scatter phenomenon are involved in moth attraction to scent.

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THE CORN SILK EXPERIMENT

Several simple behavioral experiments demonstrate attraction of insects to IR scatter radiation. Working in the Kansas State University insectary, I made my first "black box" discovery. It was a "black box" discovery literally if not figuratively. I constructed a big, glass-fronted cage to observe my moths at night (Fig. 7). Like all the other researchers in entomology, I painted my cage black. After all, night time is black-or is it? I later discovered I would have done better had I lined the cage with shiny aluminim like a carnival fun house. The reason for that lay in what I still call my "corn silk experiment."

Corn earworm moths do most of their mating and egg laying during "the hour of the wolf" (taken from the East European literature) about 3:00 a.m. It is the time when werewolves strike. We know now from NASA work that at the time the sky is filled with blue and near UV which our dark-adapted eye rods cannot see (our cones see blue color only during daylight).

I first noticed that although the hairy corn silk I placed in the cage supposedly gave off a scent, the moths would almost always lay their eggs on a hairy piece of white cloth that I hung in the cage for the moths to cling to during daylight when they were asleep. The white cloth always outperformed the host-plant, corn silk. Why?

I modified my cage (Fig. 7) by cutting round holes in each end and covering the holes with white cloth. I projected low intensity light on the round cloth panels at either end of the cage and compared egg counts on the cloth to those on preferred host plants⁽¹¹⁾.

The results were astonishing-the corn plants might as well have not been in the cage. Over 95% of the eggs were on the low-intensity lighted cloth, and hatched there, even though there was no corn silk to feed on (Table 3).

I put colored filters over the light and tested one color against the other. The shortest wavelengths always won out. Yellow was better than red and green better than yellow, and blue or purple best of all. Since I have been a photographer from childhood, I understood that the human eye mediated approach to colored surfaces 

 

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made no sense at all where night flying moths were concerned. The experiment caused me to speculate, or should I say assume, that I was not dealing with color directly but rather with scatter radiation from the molecules of corn scent, stimulated by the colors. Years later I lined my cages with highly reflective aluminum and increased mating and oviposition up to 30%, because low intensity blue and blackbody IR filled the cage, thus "pumping" the sex or host plant scents from all directions⁽¹²⁾.

TABLE 3: Egg counts in cages with preferred plants and nonpreferred plants. Cages also had a cloth oviposition surface over the front.

no. pairsEggs onEggs onNo.Average

Bean10620620620

Tobacco275414489244

Cloth strips only10209209            209

Cotton9117711772197

No strips or

plant16^a-26012601163

Corn silk12^a16514781643137

Petunia20248248124

^a Most valid, as largest populations. Ratio of numbers of eggs on plant to number on cloth is 1 to 30. Average number of eggs per female is 176. 

These two experiments proved conclusively that there was a direct connection between insect scents and irradiation of the scent by low intensity blue-blackbody light. Scent and blue-blackbody light = an increase in biological activity. 

THE ANT CANDLE EXPERIMENT

Most species of ants respond to a candle in the same manner as moth responds in flight to a candle or 60W light bulb, that is they spiral around it. If one takes a candle and cuts it very short, about 10 cm high, and places it in an ant colony within a few minutes a considerable number of worker ants, of almost any species, will circle the candle, a few will even climb the candle to perish in the fire.

 

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toward candlestop time

9.65 + 0.503.71^a+ 0.448.23 + 0.30

Plastic-shielded candle (35)

9.43 + 0.453.75^b+ 0.458.14 + 0.20

Glass-shielded candle (35)

Numbers in parenthesis show number of ants exposed to each candle. ^a Fourteen specimens stopped to clean antennae. ^b Twelve specimens stopped to clean antennae. 

Single ants within seconds were attracted to both a burning petroleum candle and a beeswax candle. When a polyethylene tube, 22 cm high and forming a chimney shield, was placed around the candle, the ants of the species Conomyerix insana continued to be attracted to the candle and to circle the candle (Fig. 8). 

As Figure 8 demonstrates the plastic shield, which transmitts both the visible light and infrared, continued to attract the ant, however when a glass kerosene lamp globe was placed over the candle the ants ignored the candle.

This is overwhelming proof that it is not the visible radiation (eye) that attracts the ant but radiation in the infrared (antennae) portion of the spectrum. The glass transmitts visible light but completely blocks all intermediate and far infrared from 1.8 Am to 500 mm wavelengths and beyond.

Figure 9 (top), is a low resolution scan (8 cm^-l) of a candle flame utilizing a prototype of the early Fourier transform spectrophotometer. Tremendous blackbody (narrow) emission is given off by Co₂ and paraffin -H₂O combustion between 4 mm in 20 mm in the far infrared. Of particular interest is the strong CO₂

 

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Fig. 8. Attraction of Conomyerix insana to a wax candle. A & B. petroleum candle. C. beeswax candle. D & E. Polyethylene chimney over petroleum candle. F. glass lantern shield over candle-ants ignored the candle shielded by glass.

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Fig. 9. Low resolution Fourier transform spectrophotometer scans of a candle (top) and green night-light peanuts (bottom).

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emission at 4.4 ,m m and 14.9 mm in the 5 mm and 7 to 15 mm water atmospheric windows. In many species of unfed (no blood meal) mosquitoes, and in particular the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti are attracted to a candle flame. (unpublished data)

Figure 9 (bottom) shows the spectrum of a green night light and slightly warmed peanuts (38°c). Both attract night flying Indian meal moths (Plodia interpunctella). The attraction of both of these emittors to Indian meal moths lead to the conclusion that in the far infrared portion of the spectrum two things equal to the same thing (moth attraction) are probably equal to one another which, as the spectrum shows, is certainly true without any contradiction whatsoever (Fig. 9 bottom) since the one spectrum practically outlines the other.

 

FAR INFRARED CANDLE EMISSION

In 1969 I obtained the first commercial Fourier transform spectrophotometer built, a Digilab FTS-14. This is the high resolution system that I have utilized the last 18 years to obtain over 10,000 high resolution spectrum from various sources of insect attractants including very detailed high resolution (1 cm) spectrum in the far infrared (Fig. 10 & 11).

Figure 11 shows the details of the candle flame emissions in the most important region where insect plant and sex scents also (under the right conditions) emit scatter radiation.

Several techniques were developed to stimulate narrow band, maserlike emissions (Fig. 12) from scents.

The first successful scans showed that the cabbage looper pheromone (sex scent) emits narrow band scatter radiation in the 17m m (588.2 cm^-1) to 18 mm (555.5 cm^-1) infrared water vapour window. The very same lines that emit in this region from the cabbage looper sex scent, when modulated at 55 Hz (the cabbage looper antenna ELF vibration frequency) also emit from the candle flame (14 & 15). Unmated male cabbage loopers at night (correct circadian rhythm) will fly to a wax candle and die. Again two phenomena equal to the same phenomenon are equal to one another. A candle flame is the femme fatale of moth life.

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Fig. 10. Top spectrum, water vapor and CO₂ atmospheric absorption (P is a polyethelyne filter absorption line); bottom spectrum emission from a beeswax candle flame. In the 4  mm region (2300 cm^-1) there is a massive Co₂ blackbody emission and at 14.9  mm region (670 cm^-1) a narrow band CO₂ emission. There are many narrow band maserlike emissions between 19.5  mm (800 cm^-1) and 33.3  mm (300 cm^-1) and between 5  mm (2000 cm^-1) and 7.14  mm (1400 cm^-1). These are also main regions of molecular emissions from scatter generated wavelengths of insect plant and pheromone scent. At 59.63  mum (190 cm^-1) emission line is from air-hydrocarbon molecules modulated by 60 Hz laboratory light.

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Fig. 11. Narrow band for IR emission lines, in cm^-1, from a burning beeswax candle. These maserlike lines emit in the water vapor absorption region of the atmosphere. Water vapor and hydrocarbon molecules produce the emission. 

 

INFRARED SCATTER EMlSSlON FROM SCENTS

Ethanol is one of the main attractant components of plant life. Many species of moths including the corn earworm moth, Heliothis zea and Cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni are attracted to ethanol, especially ethanol from fermenting plant residue.

Figure 13 is the spectrum from one ethanol experiment. Vapor is modulated at 130 Hz by vibrating a cotton tip applicator in the infrared beam of a Fourier transform spectrophotometer, while blowing 95% laboratory grade ethanol across the cotton tip. The cotton tip applicator is vibrated at low amplitude in the beam, and at 130 Hz minus the ethanol, shows only water vapor absorption lines.

When ethanol is blown across the reticulated ball of threads, weak resonant lines are scattered at 21.5 mm (465 cm^-1, bottom two scans).

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Fig. 12. Gasdynamic-organic scent flow laser for stimulating maserlike scatter emission from insect scents. Scent is mixed with air and blown over a flow meter at between 05 to 5 km/hr. (gentle breeze). It flows through a narrow slit across a thin aluminum foil which is modulated by sound from a 2" speaker behind the foil. The blackbody absorption energy source comes from the filament of the Fourier transform spectrophotometer.

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Fig. 13. Fourier transform spectrum of ethanol modulated at 130 Hz (see text) top check; no ethanol.

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Reticulated surfaces are common in nature (Fig. 14). 

It should be noted (middle scan, Fig. 13) that when the modulated vapor is co added by scanning 16 times that the signal is very weak. This is due to the nature of the Fourier transform system which ratios out what in conventional spectroscopy would be called noise

Fig. 14. Antennae of the witch moth, Hysipala grondlla, showing sensilla (spine dielectric antenna) and basal reticulated scatter surface on antennae base.

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One man's noise, however, is another-man's signal and was precisely what I am looking for in regards to generated scatter radiation. The scatter signal scanned one time (bottom) is much stronger since it has not been averaged out. The insect is coupled to scatter radiation by a "signal amplifier" dielectric antenna and is not dependent on a biological Fourier transform system for detection. Indeed nature is more likely to evolve direct and more efficient mechanisms of detection and there is no evidence, even in the insect brain, for a Fourier transform mechanism. The thesis that generated maserlike scatter radiation couples directly to dielectric rod antennas is a morphologically valid thesis based on the actual physical presence of such dielectric rods of the correct dielectric constant ( e = 2.5). Conversely there is nothing to indicate an imagined Fourier transform mechanism in insects.

When a complex mixture of ethanol, ammonia, and laboratory atmosphere (well polluted by surrounding chemical lab bench odours) is blown at high wind speeds (10 km/hr) across a vibrating cotton tip applicator innumerable narrow band maserlike frequencies are generated (Fig. 15).

It will be noted that the fan, which is vibrating the cotton applicator at unknown frequencies, stimulates far more and stronger frequencies as it is cut off and slows down decreasing the wind speed below 10 km/hr. (middle scan). The bottom scan is of filtered air blowing across the cotton applicator (check, no chemicals). Two of the frequencies generated with the wind speed at 10 m/hr. (topspectrum) are the same as those with the fan coasting to a stop but are shifted very slightly to shorter wavelengths due to greater cooling (see Table 2). It will also be noted that in the 220 cm^-1 region a gaussian curve of very weak frequencies is evident (above fan on).

 

NONLINEAR SCATTER IN HUMAN BREATH

An audio print of my vocalization of the ancient OM shows that my voice, as do most male voices, contains a broad band of audio components in the low ELF region (5 to 80 Hz) and a huge audio component centered at 130 Hz. (Fig. 16).

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Fig. 15. See text for explanation of these spectra. 

The center spectrum is taken by sounding across a thin leaf of aluminum at the aperature of the filament source of the Fourier transform system. The complex breath collides with the surface of the shiny aluminum which is vibrating in unison with my audio 'om' sound. A tremendous burst of innumerable maserlike lines in the form of a gaussian curve is generated in the 420 cm^-1 to 450 cm^-1 region. If I dope the complex organic atmosphere of my breath with a glass of wine molecules (white Rhine wine) the spectrum shifts to shorter wavelengths (cooler) and demonstrates a considerable increase in the amplitude of the maximum center lines. These lines occur in the 465 cm^-1 (21.5  mm) region where the cotton tip applicator weak ethanol lines emit (Fig. 13). This indicates that many of these organic maserlike scatter lines will occur in rooms where human breath or ethanol is a usual component. They must thus be an important component of both human and plant life vapors.

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Fig. 16. Audio stimulated gaussian infrared emission from human breath. Top. researcher's om sound audio print: center, infrared emission of breath: bottom, infrared emission after drinking a glass of white wine. 

Almost all diptera (flies) are attracted by ethanol and human breath. Most species have sensilla on their antennae, eg. fruit flys and mosquitoes that measure in the 20 mm range and thus fit this far infrared region.

Human breath blown across a yellow Springs tale-thermometer air probe gives a read out, at 4 cm distance, of 6 to 10°C above ambient temperature. Since the filament emission (at focal point) is ap-

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proximately 30°C, at 6 to 10°C increase from breath temperature puts the breath scatter wavelengths in the same thermal range as that at the aperature of the Fourier transform filament. The breath is a complex mixture of atmospheric constituents, nitrogen, oxygen etc. plus traces of ammonia, lactic acids, ketones, and innumerable hydrocarbons. There are even salt particles in it ranging from 0.026 mm to 0.19 mm in size⁽¹⁶⁾.

In Asia breath is called the spirit of life and indeed when inhaled it is a constituent of the atmosphere and exhaled it is doped with numerous constituents of the human body.

The occurrence of nonlinear coherent lines in breath at body temperature leads one to the conclusion that coherent radiations, especially from complex scatter frequencies, are a part of the mechanism of self organizing biological system and occur as readily, under the right conditions, in the tubules of the blood vessels and at cellular levels, especially in the visible region as shown by Popp⁽¹⁷⁾, and others. A summary of elegant work based on coherence in self organizing living systems is given in the symposium "Synergic et Coherence dans les Systems Biologiques."⁽¹⁸⁾ Work on coherent information and energy transfer mechanisms is a new and exciting area for research into the mysteries of self organizing biological systems, and it is the scent coupling of energy from organic molecules to insect dielectric antennae forms in the infrared region that gives great insight into how such coherent systems work. It is imperative that researchers in this field answer criticism from those who are convinced that coherence does not occur at room temperatures in living systems.

DISCUSSION

Anyone with a minimum of observational skill will note that night-flying insects, in particular moths, do not fly directly to the lightest spot of a light source, but instead to the point where the stimulated hydrocarbons float up into the cooler air. Moths such as the lesser vine sphinx, Pholus fasciatus shown in the accompanying drawing (Fig. 17), more often than not, fly around and around the lip of the lamp chimney and not around and around the base of the light where the flame is located.

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Fig. 17. Lesser vine sphinx Pholus fasciatus flying up to where combusted hydrocarbons emit nonlinear far IR frequencies and not to bottom where broad band black-body light emits. 

At a porch light one will also observe that night-flying insects as small as midges and as large as noctuid moths will force themselves through the very narrow base crack around a globe and fall inside where they die from heat. Their heated bodies give off a constant

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stream of gas dynamically stimulated vapor that flows out into the night air. Other moths follow thin vapor trails to their demise.

As only an entomologist, it has always seemed paradoxical to me that physicists and physical chemists often talk about the same phenomenon and call it different things. In this respect I might quote the words of A.T. Young in his review of Rayleigh scattering²¹

"The 'Rayleigh line' of Raman spectroscopists, who study the rotational and vibrational behaviour of molecules by analyzing frequency shifts that occur when monochromatic light is scattered, is not the same as the 'Rayleigh line' of Brillouin spectroscopists, who analyze light scattered by acoustic phonons, or density fluctuations. Their 'Rayleigh line' is only the unshifted central component of the Raman spectroscopists' line, and contains less than 30% of the scattered energy; if we restricted 'Rayleigh scattering' to it, we would have to say the blue sky is due chiefly to Brillouin scattering."

In view of the fact that a different definition is sometimes given to the same type of emissions, and also that little is known, for most molecules, about what percentage of the major radiation component is depolarized incoherent anisotropic emission and what percentage is coherent emission (Fig. 18) it is surprising that one could be so accurate in theoretical predictions.

The work of physical-chemists has shown at least 90% of the Cabannes center scatter line to be coherent (Fig. 18). Most of my definitive spectrum demonstrate the exact spectral content given below (Fig. 18).

In this respect it is also pertinent to point out that the term Stoke and anti-Stoke radiation is used both in conjunction with acoustic phonon-stimulated Brilliouin scattering and also with molecular vibration (or optical phonon) stimulated Raman scattering. This point is made in an article²³ on the newly discovered (by physicists) and very important surface-enhanced Raman effect (my maser-like effect). The review states:

Nonlinear Infrared Coherent Radiation269

Fig. 18. Typical rotational scatter spectrum of Rayeligh scatter and Cabannes (coherent) radiation. At high density the Cabannes center line often breaks up into the characteristic Mandlel Shtam-Brilliouin lines.

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"The Raman effect is, effectively, the inelastic scattering of photons (usually in the visible range) ^*1 by molecules: part of the incident energy is ultimately converted to a molecular excitation (vibration, for example); the remainder usually leaves as a photon with a reduced frequency. (This photon is 'Stokes' radiation; upward shifts of the frequency are also possible-'anti-Stokes' radiation-but rarely seen in these experiments.) The spectrum of Raman frequency shifts is characteristic of the molecule and its surroundings."

It is also paradoxical that there should have been so much resistance to theory of room temperature coherence, when Raman himself, in his inaugural address before the South Indian Science Association²³ stated the following regarding the coherence or non-coherence of Raman emissions:

"An important question to be decided in the first instance by experiment is whether the modified scattered radiations from the different molecules are incoherent with each other. One is tempted to assume that this must be the case, but a somewhat astonishing observation made with liquid carbon dioxide contained in steel observation vessels gives us pause here. It was found in blowing off the CO₂ by opening a stopcock, a cloud formed within the vessels which scattered light strongly in the ordinary way. On viewing the cloud through the complementary filter, the scattered radiation of modified frequency also brightened up greatly. This would suggest that the assumption of noncoherence is unjustifiable. Further, some qualitative observations suggest that the modified scattering by a mixture of carbon disulphide and methyl alcohol also brightens up notably at the critical solution temperature. Quantitative observations are necessary to decide the very fundamental question here raised."

In 1974 Martin Fleischmann and colleagues at the University of Southampton observed Raman lines from pyridine molecules on the surface of a rough silver electrode⁽²²⁾. This was a surprising discovery

----------------------

1. *This phrase is indicative of the fact that most scatter work; is being accomplished in the visible range. At low energies in room temperatures it is much easier to stimulate IR scatter radiation than visible -it is just that it is harder to detect it IR scatter.

Nonlinear Infrared Coherent Radiation271

since laser beams of narrow focus (5 x 10^-3 cm²) are ordinarily utilized to stimulate Raman lines. Such an exponent requires in the neighbourhood of 10¹⁵ molecules in the beam⁽²²⁾. A monolayer on such a roughened electrode would contain approximately 10¹² so that detection would be next to impossible at ordinary light intensities.

It has been pointed out by Burstein that the roughness of the surface, that is the geometry of the surface of the electrode, must be paramount and no doubt produces an "enhanced local electromagnetic field," and that the "absorbed molecules respond to the field." He and his colleagues were required to invoke antenna theory (author's italics) to explain the newly discovered (by physicists) phenomenon.⁽²³⁾:

"Burstein and his coworkers have proposed that the enhancement is due to coupling between the molecular excitation and excited electron-hole pairs in the metal. The surface roughness plays the role of an antenna, (author's italics) strengthening the interaction with the radiation field." 

The review states also:

"The effect consists of a spectacular enhancement-by factors of up to around 106 -of Raman scattering by monolayers of molecules absorbed onto microscopically rough metal surfaces (rough on a scale of 500 1000  å). One of the most exciting prospects is that the effect will become a useful analytical tool for studying catalysis and other processes that take place on surfaces. As Elias Burstein, one of the early investigators in the field, put it, we arc just learning how to put microscopic amplifiers onto metal surfaces."

That the coherent emission from monomolecular coated silver electrodes, called surface-enhanced Raman effect and my maserlike emissions are one and the same phenomenon⁽²⁴⁾ is seen.

"A system or method by which electromagnetic wave energy in the near, intermediate, and far infrared portion of spectrum from insect sex scent attractants and host plant or animal scent attractants is converted into narrow band high intensity maserlike infrared emis-

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sions is disclosed. The system or method includes a low frequency oscillator for vibrating a silver or gold coated or aluminum low emissivity reed in a vacuum chamber with a suitable infrared window (1 to 30 mm). The reed vibrator is prepared with a monomolecular layer of suitable insect sex or host attractant or surrounded by vapors of said attractants and vibrated (modulated) in an infrared source of electromagnetic energy at 1 to 30 mm and at the antenna vibrating frequency of the insect. The narrow band maserlike emission and harmonies thereof are emitted through the IR window and detected by a spectrometer."

That coherent infrared is available for insect communication systems there is and it is also available in both the visible and infrared portions of the spectrum for utilization in self organizing biological systems⁽¹⁷⁾, and it is for this reason that my work reinforces other work on coherent energy coupling mechanisms in living systems.

Once this concept of coherent energy coupling in self organizing systems is thoroughly understood, it is predictable that the generation of coherent signals in the UV (virus and membrane dimensions) visible and infrared (cell, organells and insect antennae dimensions) can be utilized to resonate to the biological antenna in order to control disease organisms or reverse cancerous conditions. It might even be possible to resonate to the form of the AIDS virus in the 0.1 m m region, which is the dimension of most virus, and reverse the fatal signals of that small "living" antenna, or to put it in more poetic terms "find God in little things."

References

1.Callahan, P.S. 1969. The Exoskeleton of the Corn Earworm Moth, Heliothis zea Lepidoptera: Noctuidae with Special Reference to the Sensilla as Polytubular Dielectric Arrays. Univ. of Georgia, Agri. Exp. Station, Res. Bull. 54. 1-105.

2.Electromagnetic Bio-Information 1979, Proceed. Symp. Marburg, Sept. 5, 1977. ed. Fritz-Albert Popp, Gunther Becker, Herbert S. König and Walter Peschka. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Münichen. Wein, Baltimore.

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6.Kiely, D.G. 1953. Dielectric Aerials. Methuen & Co., London.

7.McKinney, Chester M. 1950. Dielectric Waveguides and Radiators. Univ. of Texas. Bumblebee Report No. 138. Defense Research Laboratory, Austin, Texas. (Defense Documentation Center AD 634 792)

8.Bise, William. 1980. Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Radio and Magnetic signals. Planetary Association for Clean Energy. Ottawa, Canada.

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10.Callahan, P.S., Thelma C. Carlysle and Harold A. Denmark;. 1985. Mechanism of Attraction of the Lovebug, Plecia nearctica, to Southern Highways: Further Evidence for the IR-dielectric Waveguide Theory of Insect Olfaction. Applied Optics 24 (8) 1088-1093.

11.Callahan, P.S. 1957. Oviposition Response of the Imago of the Corn Earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), to Various Wavelengths of Light. Annal. Ent. Soc. America. 50(5) 444-452.

12.Snow, J.W. and P.S. Callahan. 1967. Laboratory Mating Studies of the Corn Earworm, Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae). Annal. Ent. Soc. of America. 60(5) 1066-1071.

13.Callahan, P.S., J.C. Nickerson and W. H. Whitcomb. 1982. Attraction of Ants to Narrow-band (maser-like) Far-infrared Radiation as Evidence for an Insect Infrared Communication System. Physiol. Chem. & Physics 14: 139-144.

14.Callahan, P.S. 1977. Moth and Candle: the Candle Flame as a Sexual Mimic of the Coded Infrared Wavelengths from a Moth Sex Scent. Applied Optics. 16(12) 3089-3097.

15.Callahan, P.S. 1977. Tapping Modulation of the Far Infrared (17- mm region) Emission from the Cabbage Looper Moth Pheremone (Sex Scent). Applied Optics 16(12) 3098-3101.

16.Callahan, P.S. 1987. Maserlike Nonlinear Scatter from Human Breath, A Surface-enhanced Far Infrared Scatter Effect. Applied Optics. in press.

17.Popp. Fritz-Albert. 1979. Photon Storage in Biological Systems; in electromagnetic Bio-Information. ed. F.A. Popp, Günther Becker, H.L. König & Walter Peschka (Symposium. Marburg. Sept. 1977). Urban & Schwarzenberg. Münichen, Baltimore.

18.Synergie et Coherence dans les Systemes Biologiques. 1986. ed. Z. W. Wolkowski. Ouvrages Publies Par Les Amis De EA (Ecole Europeene d'Ete d'Environnement). Paris, France.

19.Diesendorf, Mark. 1977. Insect Sensilla as Dielectric Aerials for Scent Detection? Comments on a Review by P.S. Callahan. Int. Jour. Morphol. & Embryol. 6(2) 105-109.

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22.Fleischmann M., P.J. Hendra, & A.J. McQuillan. (1974) Chem. Phy. Lett. 26, 123, in Surface-Enhanced Raman Effects. Physics Today. Apr. 1980, 18-20

23.Raman, C.V. 1928. A New Radiation. Inaugural Address to South Indian Science Association (16 March, 1928). Bangalore, India. Scattering of Light The Scientific Papers of Sir C.V. Raman. The Indian Academy of Science. Bangalore 1978.

24.Patent No. 3,997,785. Dec. 1976. U.S. Patent Office. Washington, D.C.