Einstein predicted in 1924 a, (not yet discovered in 1924), form of matter during an effort to apply the statistics that worked for the quanta to gas molecules. He predicted what is now known as the Bose-Einstein condensation state. Einstein stated this in the form of a theorem in the second of two papers on the subject:

According to the equation of state of an ideal gas developed here at every temperature there is a maximum density of the molecules that find themselves in motion. On exceeding this density the excess molecules drop out as 'stationary' molecules ("condensed, without attractive forces"). It's noteworthiness lies in the fact that the "saturated ideal gas" represents not only the state of maximum density of moving molecules, but also the density at which the gas is in thermodynamic equilibrium with the "condensed matter." A analog of "supersaturated vapor" does not exist for ideal gases.

What this infers is that if the density were sufficiently large at any temperature, the quantum gas would form two phases:

• A number of moving molecules providing the pressure of the gas.
• A number of remaining molecules at rest in a condensed phase, a condensate.

• They account for the electrical and thermal conductivity but not the specific heat
• Specific heat was accounted for by the vibration of the atoms composing the lattice (Du Long-Petit Law)
• This condition would make a prediction hat the internal temperature of metal atoms due to the stationary nature of the inner particles would be very low if not at absolute zero.

The state of an electron is specified by its four quantum numbers and constitutes a cell. The population of this cell can be either zero or unity…

[in a phase-space cell of phase volume h³ . ( De Broglie)]

condensed electrons, (quantum gas) at the thermodynamic equilibrium (unity) have wave conductive properties as predicted in Quantum Wave theory.

At the end of the 1980's these predictions were proven to be an accurate picture of electrons in metals when David Hudson's assays showed that these transition elements in this quantum state are 7000 times more abundant than their metallic forms.

Einstein's prediction, that a condensation of electrons might exist in metals, indicated that metals, by their transitional nature of incomplete shells of nucleons and electrons, have a variable stability which can be excited into a state of imbalance from which a new equilibrium might arise.

We suspect that this increased excitation causes an enhanced coulomb wave to be generated which attracts other similar atoms in the excited state to connect with the quantum electrostatic waves that they are emitting. This wave property has been observed in the resonant connectability of iridium atoms. Iridium forms normal electron bonds at 1.8 angstrom units. In an article in Physical Review, Vol. 62, No.10, Mar. 6,1989, "1776 vaporization's of Iridium atoms onto a supercooled Tungsten plate" Atomic spacing was measured at 6.3 angstrom units in long chains in two dimensions. In Physical Review, Vol.62, No. 9, Feb. 1989, the description of the two dimensional nature of cooper paired electrons (bosons, named after N. S. Bose), "Bound State Cooper Pairing in two dimensions" is expanded on and describes the process that the two dimensional chain bonding, seen in iridium, exhibited.

For this wave to be sufficiently powerful the electrostatic forces have to increase from the ground state nucleus energy, (with partially condensed electrons and the uncondensed electrons from unfinished shells), to a deformed nuclei atom (with suppressed strong binding forces with all electrons condensed) as in a vaporization state. This is described in the two articles cited above.

Possible configuration scenario-A

1 Upon excitation and increased separation of the incomplete outer shell nucleons around the completed shells of a nucleus in a transition element, there is a subsequent cascade effect toward positive screening field increase as the strong binding force is over ridden by the electromagnetic forces, cooper pairing and super deformation with associated accelerated spin of the expanded nucleus. The odd number proton transition element BEC's may exhibit at least one basic sublevel after BEC, before stabilization of the unpaired valence electron. This is an unbalanced state that may flip from BEC back to metal bonds easily.

This forms an unfinished lower energy m- element, with one electron, as a positron, looking for a partner to cooper pair with creating a Valence Funnel.

2 Once another m-element in the same energy sub level is attracted by the electrostatic force, the valence funnels collapse upon nuclei merging causing positron harmonization and finalized cooper pairing, thus forming a stable higher energy level configuration.

Chemical bonding is not available in this energy state, only a suspected quantum coupling employing the Coulomb wave is available for connecting BEC's. However, in the odd numbered proton transition elements, this may form atomic quantal materials with unusually high mass values as doubled nuclei, with drastic fluctuations of gravitational weight and can be made to loose all their gravitational attraction or increase their weight by heating or cooling.

When these unpaired electrons cooper pair, we suspect that the nuclei conjoin into a single nuclear mass which now resonates near the zero point frequency. The amplified electrostatic forces may be driven by a suspected collapse of the bosons (paired electrons) into a ring shape after condensation and brought about by the increased positive screening forces. As this condensed ring is set into rotation by the spinning nucleus, the electrostatic forces generate a coulomb wave flowing out along the plane of rotation. The former unpaired electron fermions are now balanced into bosons and superconduction begins along with the associated Meissner effect.

Possible configuration scenario-B

As in the above description, the process of energy state change that causes cooper pairing might follow much of the Scenario-A description. The bosons may not form a disc but rather a tightly wound area, drawn in close to the spinning double nucleus by electrostatic forces. Field related phenomena and, in particular bosons formed from Cooper paired electrons are without charge and unaffected by charged particles. However, the spinning frictional force potential of the SD nucleus might draw the boson region (no longer really acting like a cloud of electrons), into a nested region close to the Nucleus. In partially condensed Atoms with a spinning nucleus and a still unpaired electron, the orphaned particle would be drawn in close to the nucleus as the only negatively charged particle. It may stay active as a special case valence electron or fall into the nucleus and be destroyed by the overwhelming positive charge.
 
 

PROCESS OF EXCITATION.

It is shown that the two nuclear forces, strong and electromagnetic,  have inverse relationships. As we know, a proton is constructed by three quarks and a gluon. It is felt that the gluon is the carrier of the strong binding force. As the nucleons begin to increase separation by whatever means, the strong binding force decreases in influence as the gluons of the protons are spaced farther apart, and the electromagnetic forces increase as well as the relative positive charge of the atom. Transition elements have unfinished harmonic shells in the nucleus, not just the outer electron shells. The unfinished electron orbitals are expressions of incomplete harmonic shells of the nucleus. The result of this is an unbalanced mass in rotation and is the means of exploitation to excite the nucleus to spin and deform its shape, thereby increasing the spacing between the nucleons and increasing the positive screening potential.

It has also been observed that atoms can be aligned by magnetic resonance and that magnetic force can start the rotation of an out of round charged mass as can the addition of heat to force more molecular glancing collisions to start the spin process.

Initiating rotational forces also initiates flow and field phenomena thus increasing the electromagnetic forces around the axis of rotation like a flow of electrons in a wire, or the electromagnetosphere generated by the spinning core of the Earth. Things happen very quickly once the process of rotation starts with exponential changes in forces.

Once the nucleus in a transition element with sufficient pre-existing condensed electrons, is forced to rotate on its axis, centripetal forces starts the nucleon separation process of decreasing strong binding force while increasing electromagnetic positive force. As the increasing positive screening potential expands out, due to the relative enlargement of the nucleus by spin deformation and increased separation of the protons, the harmonization of the remaining uncondensed electrons takes place taking the atom to a superconductive state of high spin and giving it the ability to quantum connect employing the coulomb wave generated by the increased rotation rate forces (see above Physics Review mar., 6, '89).

Physical Review 6, Vol. 41, No. 4, Apr, 90, article entitled, "Quantum size effects in rapidly rotating nuclei" indicates that Cooper instability causes super deformation (2 to 1 spin axis ratio) during quantal state changes in transition elements.

It is important to note in the original theorem by Einstein that The Quantum Gas condensates are "without attractive forces". This important observation gives these elements unusual theoretical properties, not the least of which is a completely positive charge by virtue of having no unpaired electrons and an expanded nucleus surrounded by quantum wave conducting bosons. A whole integer integral spin energy particle relationships that is indicative of field generated phenomena and the coherency of photons (also bosons) seen in laser light.

It has been predicted by the Sakarov theory of gravity, Puthoff's mathematical proof of Sakarovs theory and physically shown by Hudson and others that these materials loose 4/9^th of their gravitational weight after Cooper pairing and nuclei deformation. It should be noted that this 4/9 number is affected greatly by conditions and is used as an example that is not proven in all situations A possible explanation is a anti gravity, or (better still) a repulsive gravitational force, is exhibited expressed perpendicular to the plane of rotation as a result of the compressed gravitational forces directed toward the axis of spin by the disc of Cooper paired electrons. This force may prove to be the explanation behind the Meissner effect, which increases in energy by induced magnetic fields, which are absorbed, and coincidental with higher spin rates and quantal flow rates.

It is suspected that Meissner field effects may be inertial field boundary characteristics produced by the rotationally compressed gravitational frequency tapping the vacuum energy at 4.2 x 10^-42 wavelength.

Dimensional / Space-time Sheet Theory

This topic is made possible by the Cooper pairing of a quantum gas (screened electrons) as an identical but opposite wave cancellation phenomena.

Typically when two identical but opposite phase electromagnetic waves cancel each other, the residuum vibration, the Planckian constant, 'k', is the result. This frequency, 4.2 x 10^-42 wavelength is the resultant residuum vibration of all frequencies after cancellation as it is the result of the process, not the wavelength frequencies of the cancellation action .

In a sense, this is the 'after image of light'

The Dirac-Boyer model of the vacuum energy as the spectral density of the cancellation frequency cubed, is uncannily similar to the wave cancellation phenomena described by Planck as a resultant and latent energy.

When electron condensation takes place by Cooper pairing, the process involves the positive screening of all the electrons. This set of ½ spin fermions are of two types represented in combinations of the four components:

• clockwise spin (i.e.;N pole up)
• counterclockwise spin or reversed pole spin (i.e.; S pole up)
• e+ (positron)
• e-

It is suspected that the positive screening field extends to the last filled electron shell. This would allow the valence bonding required for the metal to have thermodynamic forces and bonding forces and make transition element atoms partial BEC's even in the ground state metallic forms and evidenced by the internal temperature of SD atoms as very near absolute Zero thus not contributing to specific heat because this area of the atom has no specific heat and is stationary thereby acting a non-contributing part of the atomic system.

It is suspected that the positive screening field converts field reverse spin electrons into positrons to enable the field forward spin electron to harmonize and Cooper pair with the reversed-reversed field spin particle. The two ½ spin energy integral electrons can now vibrate in step like waves, increase in amplitude and combine into a single whole integer integral spin boson with wave characteristics showing no positive or negative charge as the two have merged from particle state to relationship state.

It is suspected that once the nucleus is set in rotation, a collapse of the boson field into a two dimensional disc of bosonic energy takes place or a condensation near the nucleus as a region of resonance wave energy and may be forced into rotation by the rotating electrostatic energy created by the spinning nucleus. This event begins an oscillated gravitational / boson field compression toward the axis of the spinning nucleus. This would have the effect of generating a repulsive gravitational force perpendicular to the plane of rotation and produce an inertial field effect by the constrained internal forces. Theoretically this would slow time at the inertial field boundary by deflection toward the compressed gravity vector with this field effect increasing in potential with rotational speed increases. It would also cause the atom to oscillate as system potentials of gravitational compression are reached and emitted perpendicular to the plane of rotation as waves at the oscillation frequency and be manifested as a coulomb electrostatic force that may oppose the nuclear positive force to allow atoms of identical energy and state to find an equilibrium of these two opposing forces to resonance connect employing this quantal wave. Additionally it may be this equilibrium process that might allow large assemblages of matter in this state to act as an ideal gas at room temperatures and resonant connect into a system generating a Meissner field effect.

It is suspected that this oscillation frequency is 'k', 4.2 x 10^-42 wavelength due to the cancellation effect during electron pairing producing the residuum vibration as a result.

Superheavy or Degenerate Matter

There has been a predicted stability in nuclei at atomic weight 300-400 but there appears to be no way of creating it in cyclotrons. This predicted matter can, however, theoretically be produced inside dwarf stars of around one solar mass and above. This is the mass necessary for degenerate pressure to be reached for collapsing forces to overcome all atomic equilibrium forces and compress nuclei into nuclei. Although it is suspected that all transition elements form diatomic merged nuclei, we feel that

transition elements that have odd numbered protons, like gold-79 or Iridium-77 are suspected to have a two phase B-E condensation to stability which would enable two odd numbered proton elements like Au-79 to screen and cooper pair all but one electron during the phase one condensation. Hypothetically diatomic forms may be constructed by the two unpaired electrons harmonizing between the two phase one condensates and they draw the two 79 proton nuclei together to form a double nuclei of 156 protons and a combined boson disc. The relative atomic weight would have been At. Wt. 394 but when the approximate 4/9 reduction in gravitational weight after BEC is taken into account, the atom would have a relative weight of 236, very close to the weight of Uranium, an inner transition element.

Gravitational weight Changes Exhibited in transition Elements during Quantum Energy State Changes

Much has been made of the decrease in weight these elements exhibit after BEC. This may be explained by studies involving spinning and stationary masses in a gravity field.

Michael Faraday 1831

• Invention of the one piece Homopolar Generator exhibiting inertial field phenomena

• Gravity is attenuated above a spinning superconductor, and the attenuation is related to the spin rate and the frequency of the electromagnetic field levitating the object.
• The shielding force depends on the rotational speed of the disc and has a tendency to increase with the speed of rotation.

• m-elements will loose 4/9 of their gravitational weight after BEC.
• These elements can be made to weigh less than zero.
• Beyond the zero weight point they visually disappear, but are still measurable as a negative weight.
• When cooled they gain weight.

• Rotating objects falling in a gravitational field are accelerated at a rate greater than 'G'.
• Pendula utilizing bob weights which are rotating, swing non sinusoidally with increased periods.
• Two gyroscopes on the same axle, spinning counter rotationally at 7600 rpm with an additional 4 rps of the support cylinder, weighted 4 - 6 lbs less than its 276 lb starting weight while operating.
• Rotating objects create an inertial field that distorts (slows) time.

This is remarkably like the rotational field phenomena described by the above authors, and is similar to the structure of the high spin transition elements as depicted below

This act of rotation generated field effect is suspected to create a gravitational attenuation along the axis of rotation that may produce and expansion of space at one axis pole and a contraction of space at the opposite pole that mimics a two pole magnetic field. This may be employed in exotic propulsion systems in the future and allow three dimensional quantum connectivity of the elements in a resonance connected system of these atoms in this state.

In addition to the gravitational weight changes due to rotating masses, it is suspected that the transition element BEC atom generates a Meissner field in systems of resonance connected identical atoms in this state that excludes gravity  when energetic enough, and the effect on the atom caused by Cooper pairing forces the atom to vibrate at, or very near, the residuum vibration, 'k' when even the valence electrons (now Cooper Paired) are excluded from contributing to specific heat.

A very curious relationship between metallic state and non-metallic high spin state may be expressed in the conditions of the electrons and nucleons as an inverse relationship.

• Ground state atoms have stable nuclei and active electrons
• high spin atoms have active nuclei and stable (former) electrons as bosons

Another way to view this is by considering the electrons as being either expanded or collapsed, and considering their energy levels as particles (fermions) or bosons (relationships).

• In the particle state the positive screening potential of the nucleus maintains distancing by demanding ordered pairs of spin forward and spin reverse electrons as they fill the electron orbitals.
• In the BEC process, ordered electron pairs in the electron shells Cooper pair as the Positive screening potential expands changing spin reverse electrons, now in a positive field, to change into positrons, allowing them to harmonize and Cooper pair with the spin forward electrons and a cascade of higher and higher spin, greater and greater positive field, lower and lower strong binding force and higher and higher electrostatic forces occurs.

Our feeling is that once the electrons cooper pair, they all achieve a more or less identical energy state and tend to congregate close to the nucleus with distance regulated by spin rate inertial field changes. Double nuclei in the odd proton transition element BEC's, and perhaps the even numbered proton transition elements as paired nuclei, have a bigger nucleus, but perhaps not a greater radius of quantal field potential by the addition of the second set of Bosons. As massless as photons are, they very well might be under different constraints than the remaining nucleus particles and no longer follow predicted solid matter behavior in addition to having no charge.

Other considerations:

It has been observed that a spinning disk can attenuate gravity above the disk along the gravity gradient.

• The velocity of the radial quantal disk theorized as rotating around the spinning nucleus may play a part in the generating of the Meissner field, a gravity excluding field, seen in these superconductors and a possible mechanism in its generation.
• This gravitational attenuation along the spin axis may additionally be involved in the bonding of the m-element atoms as described above.
• The tuning of the atom to the Planck constant during cooper pairing forces the atom to vibrate near the Zero Point Energy, ( E₀ = hf x ½, or the spectral energy density 'p' of the Zero-point fluctuation as a function of that frequency, 'w', such that p(w) = kw³ )
• These elements may be overunity systems.

BEC Although any atomic or subatomic particle can form a Bose-Einstein condensate, our focus is on transition element Bose-Einstein Condensates. A transition element atom that has changed energy state to a quantum state of high spin. Cooper pairing of all electrons is forced by increased positive screening as the nucleus spins and spreads apart the nucleons.

Boson A photonic energy package that is two particles in a harmonic relationship

Cooper Electron Pairing The harmonization of opposite phase electrons in reaction to positive screening potential forces from the nucleus to form a high energy relationship (boson)

Covalent bonds Consisting of a pair of shared electrons between two atoms, typically found in atoms with high electron affinity like gases

Dipole A molecule that is electrically unsymmetrical, causing it to be oppositely charged at two points

Electron affinity The characteristic of elements that have nearly finished outer electron shells to accept an electron easily

Electronegativity The attractive force that an atom of an element has for shared electrons in a molecule

Hydrate A substance that contains water as part of its crystalline structure

Hydroxyl One atom of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. Strong electrolyte ion used in pH adjustment.

Immiscible fluid Incapable of mixing into solution.

Inter molecular bond Bonds between molecules

Ion An electrically charged atom or group of atoms. A positively charged ion is a cation (+) that has given up an electron to chemically bond with another atom making it smaller, and a negatively charged ion is an anion (-) which has accepted an electron from another atom making it larger.

Ionic bond A chemical bond between positive and negative ions where there is a transfer of electrons.

Molecule A small, uncharged individual unit of a compound formed by the union of two or more atoms

Non-metallic transition elements An individual atom of a transition element or Diatom

Nucleon A general term describing the constituents of an atomic nucleus of neutrons and protons

pH Insert Mikes description A method of expressing the H+ (hydronium ion) concentration , or acidity, in a solution. pH = -log [H+]. pH7 is neutral, <pH7 is acid, >pH7 is base.

Polar covalent bond A bond between types of atoms of different electronegativity causing one to have a more negative charge than the other causing an unequal distribution of electrical charge

Positive screening potential The nuclear force that prevents electrons from falling into the nucleus

Valence electron Electrons in the unfinished (unfilled) outer shells of atoms that are available for chemical bonds
 
 

The following list of precipitate yields are based on 1 cup of salt dissolved in one gallon of water or one gallon of sea or ocean water.

Source Brand Yield (ml)

Sun dried sea salt Bulk from health food store 20

Medical lake salt Medical Lake/ Washington 20

Mt. Carmel water Mt. Carmel/ Illinois 50

Ocean water Santa Barbara/ California 200

Ocean water Oregon coastal water 1000-2000

Salt Lake concentrate Great salt Lake/ Utah 3500

Dead Sea water Israel 6500

Dead Sea Salt Dead Sea Products 2220

Dead Sea Salt Masada 1700

Dried Sea Salt Ocean Potion 1200

Celtic sea salt Bulk from health food store 275

Celtic sea salt Brittany Sea Salt 200

Sun dried ocean salt DeSouz's Solar Sea Salt 180

New Zealand sea salt Pacific salt 24

New Zealand sea salt Comvita 30

Mediterranean sea salt La Baleine 10

Utah mined salt Utah 10

Ordinary sea salt Bulk from food co-op trace

R37GM33309 BARTON, JACQUELINE K METAL PROBES AND DRUG BINDING TO DNA

-PROJECT NUMBER........5 R37GN33309-15

INSTITUTIONGN FY 97 BARTON, JACQUELINE K

INITIAL REVIEW GROUP IRGBMT CALIFORNIA INST OF TECHNOLOGY

AWARD AMOUNT............

PASADENA, CA 91125

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

TITLE: METAL PROBES AND DRUG BINDING TO DNA

FUTURE YEARS 3

ABSTRACT:

The goal of this research program is the design and application of transition metal complexes to target specific sites on DNA and RNA. Such designs form the basis for novel chemotherapeutics targeted to nucleic acids with predictable sequence-specificities and high affinities as well as providing new tools for biotechnology. We have focused on the construction of octahedral complexes of Rhodium (III) containing the phenanthrenequinone diimine (phi) ligand. These complexes bind duplex DNA primarily through melloinintercalation in the major groove, with site selectivities being governed by non-covalent interaction of the ancillary ligands with the nucleic acid. With photoactivation, the complexes promote direct DNA strand ssicission at the site of intercalation, and this photocleavage serves to mark the site of binding. We intend (i) the construction of a new metalloinintercalators with predictable site-specificities and affinities, comparable to those of DNA binding proteins, (ii) the detailed characterization of the structural basis for these site specificities, (iii) the application of metal complexes to probe RNA and DNA structures, and (iv) their application to examine the site-specific inhibition of nucleic acid processes. Derivatives of Rh(phen)2phi3+ will be prepared to pose an array of functional groups on the ancillary ligand matched to donors and acceptors in the DNA groove. Using both shape-selection and direct readout, derivatives of delta-Rh(phen)2phi3+, functionalized on the periphery will be prepared to target 6 base pair DNA sites. In exploiting the sequence-dependent flexibilities of DNA, derivatives of delta-Rh(phen)2phi3+ will be prepared to target 5 '-XTATAX-3' sequences. Tow dimerization stratagies, metal activated chelation and covalent eimerization through disulfide linkage, will be exploited to expand the length of sequences targeted (8-10 base pairs). Mixed ligand colplexes containing three different chelating ligands, as the intercalator, dimerization ligand, and primary recognition ligand, will also be constructed. Binding site selectivities will be determined on DNA fragments and oligonucleotides based upon photoactivated cleavage. Base substitutions and sequence-specific unwinding assays will be used to probe specific interactions. Detailed structural information will be obtained in high resolution NMR experiments of rhodium-oligonucleotide complexes and using x-ray crystallography on Iridium analogues. In applying metal complexes to probe nucleic acid structure, the hammerhead and Anabaena RNA ribozomes, HIV TAR RNA, and well-defined DNA mismatches will be examined. Importantly, with the development of complexes differing in levels of site-specificity, charge and solubility characteristics, as well as in rates of dissociation, we intend to test the efficacy of metal complexes in functioning to inhibit nucleic acid processes. Metal complexes will be examined as site-specific inhibitors of DNA and RNA polymerase. Analogous experiments will then be conducted in bacterial cells, where cellular uptake, photoactivated DNA cleavage, and site-specific inhibition of RNA synthesis will be assayed. This program, from design to functional application, represents an almost unique opportunity to develop systematically rational strategies for site-specific nucleic acid targeting by small molecules.
 

Manna, as it is known to the Hebrew Religion, is the matter that fell from heaven during the Exodus. When it was found on the ground the two phrases used to describe it was, 'what is it?' (Ex. 16.15) , 'Man hu', and 'It is Manna' which might mean, [It is 'what is it'] Much is said in the Book of the Exodus about the characteristics of Manna and much is known about the mining and smelting operations that the Egyptian Pharaohs and Mesopotamian Kings kept operating in the Sinai, at that time, for Gold, Silver and Copper production. These, of course, are Transition Elements. To understand the material that fell from Heaven for the Hebrew, one has to take into consideration the other factors at play at that time in that place.

The Royal Mines in the western Sinai Peninsula, were staffed by miners which followed a weekly routine of work and rest. They would dig the ores from excavated sites in the volcanic soils of the region and fire these ores in ancient furnaces and ovens to melt out the metals. It is possible that a large amount of volitized Metals as individual atoms was released by this process and were lifted aloft by the furnace heat of the smelting process and moved it southeast of the mines every day by several hundred miles. On one day a week, the mines would not fire ores and the furnaces were maintained and cleaned. One day a week, the air was not charged with the Furnace exhaust gases. This routine matches the biblical reference that Manna did not fall from the sky on one day per week.

Moses and his tribe left Egypt and headed east into the Sinai. During this escape, they encountered a large Army on its way to invade Egypt. They chose to avoid them and went southerly into the Sinai. Their solution to starvation was the discovery of a white frost-like material on the ground in the morning (Ex. 16.14) which was used to sustain them all for forty years.(Ex. 16.4-35), and was suitable for various forms of processing (Nm. 11.6-8). It had a metaphorical description, Food from Heaven, (Ex. 16.4), and Heavenly Grain, (Ps. 78.24 - Ps. 105.40). It was described as an edible substance, white in color, abundant and fine like frost on the ground, with a sweet, rich, creamy taste, similar in nature to the white coriander herb seed.

As the exhaust from the smelting operations charged the atmosphere with gases containing precious metals as individual elements, the thick, salt laden air from the Mediterranean moved northwest to south east, mixing with and moving the gases down wind towards the Israelites. As the Air-mass cooled into the night, the particles from the smelting operations started forming rain drops which fell as a light rain before dawn as the Air-mass over the Sinai reached its lowest temperature and condensed. This precipitation brought the gases back to Earth as a milky rain. When the sun came up and evaporated the water, the Manna was left as a fine white powder on the ground. Manna never fell on the Sabbath because the furnaces were shut off the day before for weekly cleaning on the off day for the miners.

This smelting method is the same method employed by Bezaleel to make the Bread of the Presence of god for Moses in the book of the Exodus; Moses and Bezaleel at Mt. Sinai. Bezaleel was a goldsmith. Not only did he make the Bread of the Presence of god, he made the Ark of the covenant. The word 'Covenant' means 'to eat bread with'. Bezaleel burned volcanic ores to extract the white powder of gold. This gold preparation was identical to the smelting process at the mining sites far up wind from Mount Sinai. Bezaleel had no use for the metal melted from the ore for the bread of the presence of god, he needed the more important form of gold. The white powder form when gold is burnt.

It is a good argument that the Manna which fell from the sky for Moses and the Israelites was the precipitation of mining furnace exhaust, and that Manna was atoms of precious elements in a changed state. But why did it keep a host wandering the desert fed and healthy for forty years? A clue may be left as the reference,

"...and gave you Manna to eat...in order to teach you that man does not live on bread only, but that man may live on anything that the lord decrees" (Dt. 8.3)

Some have theorized that the Tamarisk bush, a shrub that produces a white gummy material, and is native to the Sinai, is the source of Manna but fail to recognize that this happens seasonally and not all year long.

Studies of brain tissue that was carbonized, had the transition elements extracted and converted to metal was analyzed spectroscopically. This study showed that they contain 5% by dry weight m- element Rhodium and m-element Iridium. These chemicals are also extracted by heating (to volitization) volcanic soils.